Sinusitis maxilar iatrogénica por material de impresión dental / Iatrogenic maxillary sinusitis by dental impression material

Introducción: La etiología de la sinusitis maxilar comprende diferentes causas primarias y secundarias. Siempre es preciso descartar de inicio aquellas causas iatrogénicas consecuencia de intervenciones previas. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión de las diferentes causas de sinusitis maxilar, con énfasis en las causas raras iatrogénicas y en el protocolo de actuación. Presentación del caso: Paciente varón de 60 años que presenta episodios de sinusitis maxilar. Como antecedentes quirúrgicos se había realizado quistectomía maxilar, tratamiento de fístula oroantral secundaria y rehabilitación protésica posterior. Tras estudio radiológico inicial se halló una masa intrasinusal, compatible al tacto con material de impresión dental. Conclusiones: Es importante antes de cualquier rehabilitación protésica y de la toma de modelos confirmar la ausencia de fístula oroantral para evitar la intrusión de material extraño en el seno maxilar(AU)

Introduction: The etiology of maxillary sinusitis comprises a number of primary and secondary causes. It is always necessary to initially rule out iatrogenic causes resulting from previous interventions. Objective: Carry out a review of the different causes of maxillary sinusitis, with an emphasis on the rare iatrogenic causes and the clinical management protocols. Case presentation: A male 60-year-old patient who experiences episodes of maxillary sinusitis. Surgical antecedents include maxillary cystectomy, treatment for secondary oroantral fistula and posterior prosthetic rehabilitation. Initial radiological examination revealed an intrasinus mass compatible to the touch with dental impression material. Conclusions: Before any sort of prosthetic rehabilitation and the taking of models, it is important to confirm the absence of an oroantral fistula, to prevent the entrance of foreign material into the maxillary sinus(AU)

Evolución y costes de la prematuridad por indicación médica en un hospital de tercer nivel / Evolution and costs of the medically indicated preterm birth in a tertiary care university hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: Analizar la evolución y los costes de los partos prematuros iatrogénicos en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel. MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de los partos con edad gestacional comprendida entre 24 y 36+6 semanas en dos periodos temporales: 2001-2005 y 2011-2016. Se identificaron los partos prematuros por indicación médica o iatrogénicos (PPI). Se analizaron variables demográficas y de resultado. Los costes se calcularon mediante el grupo relacionado con el diagnóstico (GRD) de cada ingreso. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo una muestra de 620 partos prematuros iatrogénicos. La tasa de prematuridad global se mantuvo estable en 9%. La tasa de prematuridad iatrogénica experimentó un incremento relativo del 9,7%. Entre las pacientes con un PPI se apreció un incremento en la edad materna de 27,7 a 32,9 años, de la obesidad (32,2% a 55,5%) y del uso de técnicas de reproducción asistida (6% a 11,1%). Preeclampsia y retraso del crecimiento (CIR) fueron las principales causas de PPI, en los que se incrementó la tasa de cesáreas de 66,9% a 78%, la estancia media de 7,8 días a 9,6 y el coste por paciente de 3.068,6 a 7.331,9 euros. CONCLUSIONES: Se observa un aumento de PPI en el segundo periodo, manteniéndose la prematuridad global. Los cambios demográficos podrían explicar este incremento. Estos cambios están implicados en la fisiopatología de la preeclampsia y el CIR y en el aumento de su incidencia. La prevención primaria y secundaria de esas complicaciones podría reducir la incidencia y los costes de la prematuridad iatrogénica.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence, evolution, causes and costs of premature births (PB) due to medical indication (iatrogenic) in a tertiary care university hospital METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of all deliveries with gestational age between 24 and 36+6 weeks, in two periods 2001-2005 and 2011-2016. Iatrogenic births were identified. Clinical, epidemiological, diagnostic and economic variables were analysed. RESULTS: A sample size of 620 iatrogenic deliveries was obtained. We found a 9.7% relative increase in iatrogenic prematurity rate in the second period as well as an increase in maternal age from 27.7 to 32.9, obesity from 32.2% to 55.5% and the use of assisted reproductive techniques from 6% to 11.1%. Preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction were found to be the main causes of iatrogenic premature delivery. In these cases the rates of cesarean section increased from 66.9% to 78%. The average stay per patient and the cost calculated by diagnosis related group (DRG) also showed a statistically significant increase from 7.8 days and 3,068.6 euros to 9.6 days and 7,331.9 euros. CONCLUSIONS: We observed an increase in iatrogenic prematurity in the second period despite the unchanged rate of spontaneous PB. Demographic changes in the population, as well as an increase in obstetric related conditions, seem to be responsible for this increase. Primary and secondary prevention of clinical characteristics may reduce the incidence and costs derived from this type of prematurity.

Consideraciones actuales sobre la iatrogenia / Current considerations on iatrogenesis

La iatrogenia es el daño ocasionado por el profesional de la salud a pacientes, familias u otras personas, de manera no intencional, que puede provocar desde un ligero malestar emocional hasta la propia muerte. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior se realizó una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva sobre el tema que recoge aspectos actualizados, a saber: concepto, diferencias entre esta y la mala praxis médica, modalidades de iatrogenia (principalmente la de orden psicológico) y recomendaciones para evitarla, con el objetivo de contribuir a un mejor desempeño de los profesionales de la salud y elevar la calidad de vida de la población.

Iatrogenesis is the damage caused by the health professional to patients, families or other people, in non intentional way, that can cause either a slight emotional distress or death. Keeping this in mind an exhaustive literature review on the topic was carried out that compiles up-to-date aspects: concept, differences between this and the bad medical practice, iatrogenesis modalities (mainly the psychological type) and recommendations to avoid it, aimed at contributing to a better performance of health professionals and elevating the population life quality.

The concept of vulnerability applied to Healthcare-associated Infections / El concepto de la vulnerabilidad aplicado a las Infecciones Relacionadas con la Atención de la Salud / O conceito de vulnerabilidade aplicado às Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: To discuss the potentialities of using the concept of vulnerability to support measures for preventing and controlling healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Methods: This theoretical study was conducted in steps: 1) presentation of markers that frame the concept of vulnerability; 2) presentation of the characteristics of the health events to which the concept of vulnerability is intended to be applied; 3) identification of research gaps that could be potentially filled by using the concept of vulnerability; 4) identification of the potentialities of using the concept of vulnerability to deal with HAIs. Results: Proposal of a framework for analyzing HAIs from a vulnerability perspective, including the individual and collective dimensions. Conclusion: Using the concept of vulnerability to study and deal with HAIs favors a new approach to an old problem, unlike the dominant studies that highlight the individual aspects of the practices in healthcare services.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Discutir las potencialidades del uso del concepto de la vulnerabilidad para basar las acciones de prevención y control de las Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria (IRAS). Método: Estudio de base teórica, realizado en etapas: 1) presentación de los marcadores que componen el concepto de la vulnerabilidad, 2) presentación de las características del agravio al que se pretende aplicar el concepto de la vulnerabilidad; 3) identificación de las lagunas de investigación que pueden ser potencialmente cumplimentadas por medio del uso del concepto; 4) identificación de las potencialidades del uso del concepto para el manejo de las IRAS. Resultados: Propuesta de un marco de análisis de las IRAS bajo la perspectiva de la vulnerabilidad, componiendo dimensiones individuales y colectivas. Conclusión: El uso del concepto de la vulnerabilidad en el estudio y manejo de las IRAS favorece una nueva mirada sobre un antiguo problema, diferente de los estudios hegemónicos que tratan de destacar los aspectos individuales relativos a las prácticas de atención en los servicios de salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: discutir as potencialidades do uso do conceito de vulnerabilidade para embasar as ações de prevenção e controle das Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde (IRAS). Método: estudo de base teórica, realizado em etapas: 1) apresentação dos marcadores que compõem o conceito de vulnerabilidade; 2) apresentação das características do agravo ao qual se pretende aplicar o conceito de vulnerabilidade; 3) identificação de lacunas de pesquisa que podem ser potencialmente preenchidas por meio do uso do conceito; 4) identificação das potencialidades do uso do conceito para o manejo de IRAS. Resultados: proposta de um quadro de análise das IRAS na perspectiva da vulnerabilidade, compondo dimensões individual e coletiva. Conclusão: o uso do conceito de vulnerabilidade no estudo e manejo de IRAS favorece um novo olhar sobre um antigo problema, diferente dos estudos hegemônicos que tratam de destacar os aspectos individuais relativos às práticas de atenção nos serviços de saúde.

Deaths among the elderly with ICU infections / Muertes en ancianos con infecciones adquiridas en Unidades de Terapia Intensiva / Óbitos em idosos com infecção adquirida em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the clinical outcome of elderly patients admitted to intensive care units who had nosocomial infection, correlating the findings with sociodemographic and clinical variables. Method: descriptive research, performed with 308 elderly patients. The collection was made from medical records and covers the years 2012 to 2015. Uni-/bivariate analyses were performed. Results: a statistical association was found between the clinical outcome types and the variables age, length of stay, presence of previous comorbidities, main diagnosis, respiratory and urinary tract infections, use of central venous and indwelling urinary catheters, mechanical ventilation, and tracheostomy. The survival curve showed higher mortality among the elderly from the age of 80 on. Conclusion: the clinical outcome of the elderly who acquire infection in the intensive care unit is influenced by sociodemographic and clinical variables that increase mortality rates.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el desenlace clínico de ancianos que adquirieron infección intrahospitalaria durante internación en Unidades de Terapia Intensiva, correlacionando los hallazgos con variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Método: investigación descriptiva, realizada con 308 pacientes ancianos. Datos recolectados de historias clínicas, considerando los años de 2012 a 2015. Se realizaron análisis uni/bivariados. Resultados: se registró asociación estadística entre los tipos de desenlace clínico y las variables: faja etaria, tiempo de internación, presencia de comorbilidades previas, diagnóstico principal, infección del tracto respiratorio y urinario, uso de catéteres vesicales de demora y venoso central, ventilación mecánica y traqueotomía. La curva de supervivencia evidenció mayor mortalidad entre ancianos a partir de los 80 años. Conclusión: el desenlace clínico de ancianos que adquieren infecciones en Unidades de Terapia Intensiva es influenciado por variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, que incrementan las tasas de mortalidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o desfecho clínico de idosos que adquiriram infecção hospitalar hospitalizados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva, correlacionando os achados com variáveis sociodemográficas e clinicas. Método: pesquisa descritiva, realizada com 308 pacientes idosos. A coleta deu-se em prontuários e contempla os anos de 2012 a 2015. Realizaram-se análises uni-/bivariadas. Resultados: registrou-se associação estatística entre os tipos de desfechos clínicos e as variáveis: faixa etária, tempo de internação, presença de comorbidades prévias, diagnóstico principal, infecção do trato respiratório e urinário, uso de cateteres vesical de demora e venoso central, ventilação mecânica e traqueostomia. A curva de sobrevivência evidenciou maior mortalidade entre idosos a partir de 80 anos. Conclusão: o desfecho clínico de idosos que adquirem infecção na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva é influenciado por variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas, que incrementam as taxas de mortalidade.

Eventos adversos identificados nos relatórios de enfermagem em uma clínica pediátrica / Eventos adversos identificados en los informes de enfermería en una clínica pediátrica / Adverse events identified in nursing reports in a pediatric clinical

Objetivo: Identificar os eventos adversos ocorridos na unidade de pediatria de um hospital de ensino de Goiânia-Goiás-Brasil. Método: Pesquisa descritiva, retrospectiva e documental, com abordagem quantitativa. A coleta foi realizada em dois períodos: outubro de 2011 a fevereiro de 2012 e em agosto de 2014. Os dados foram obtidos de relatórios de enfermagem preenchidos no período de junho de 2006 a junho de 2013. A análise estatística foi realizada no programa SPSS, versão 19.0 for Windows. Resultados: Foram identificados 556 eventos adversos ocorridos durante a assistência na clínica Pediátrica, sendo que os mais prevalentes foram os relacionados ao acesso vascular (40,8 por cento), seguido dos relacionados a sondas, cateteres, drenos e tubos (27,2 por cento) e a medicamentos (15,5 por cento). Conclusão: Considera-se que os resultados deste estudo possibilitem uma análise dos riscos a que as crianças estão expostas e o planejamento de ações a serem trabalhadas para a melhoria no processo de cuidado.

Descriptive, retrospective and documentary research with quantitative approach that aims to identify adverse events occurred in the pediatric unit of a teaching hospital in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Data collection was conducted in two periods: October 2011 to February 2012 and August 2014, and data were obtained from reports of nursing. Completed reports filled from June 2006 to June 2013 were analyzed. The data were structured at a Microsoft Excel spreadsheets version 2010 and statistically analyzed using the SPSS software version 19.0. There were 556 adverse events identified that occurred during pediatric clinical assistance, and the most prevalent ones were related to vascular access (40.8 percent), followed by the related probes, catheters, drains and pipes (27.2 percent), and drug-related (15.5 percent). It is considered that the results of this study allow an analysis of the risks to which children are exposed and planning actions to be worked for the improvement in the care process.

Investigación descriptiva, retrospectiva y documental con enfoque cuantitativo, que tuvo como objetivo identificar los efectos adversos ocurridos en una unidad pediátrica de un hospital universitario de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. La recolección de datos se realizó en dos períodos: octubre 2011 a febrero 2012 y agosto de 2014, y los datos fueron obtenidos de los registros de enfermería. Fueron analizados los registros llenados entre junio 2006 y junio 2013. Los datos fueron estructurados en el software Microsoft Excel versión 2010 y analizados estadísticamente usando el software SPSS versión 19.0. Fueron identificados 556 eventos adversos durante la asistencia clínica-pediátrica, y los más frecuentes eran relacionados con el acceso vascular (40,8 por ciento), seguido por las relacionadas a las sondas, catéteres, drenajes y tuberías (27,2 por ciento), seguidos por los relacionados con las drogas (15,5 por ciento). Se considera que los resultados de este estudio permiten un análisis de los riesgos a que están expuestos los niños y la planificación de acciones que pueden ser hechas para la mejora en el proceso de atención.

Iatrogenia institucional y muerte materna: semmelweis y la fiebre puerperal / Institutional iatrogeny and maternal death: semmelweis and puerperal fever

La fiebre puerperal es una enfermedad que asume carácter epidémico en el siglo XVIII como consecuencia de dos factores: las masas trabajadoras urbanas generadas por la revolución industrial, y la progresiva hegemonización y medicalización de la atención del parto en grandes hospitales públicos. La mortalidad materna institucionalizada alcanza cifras superiores al 30%, en tanto con la atención por parteras es menor al 2%. Semmelweis, médico húngaro, postula que los médicos contaminaban a las parturientas por insuficiente higiene luego de realizar necropsias, e implanta medidas profilácticas en el Hospital de Viena, las cuales reducen dramáticamente la mortalidad, pero sus ideas son rechazadas por que afectan el proceso de institucionalización de la medicina basado en el altruismo y honor, por los que supuestamente era imposible que causen daño a sus pacientes. Es obligado a retirarse del Hospital de Viena, y continua su lucha en Budapest, pero el rechazo y la incomprensión de sus colegas por su doctrina afecta su salud mental. Muere en un asilo, pocos años antes que Pasteur y Koch demuestren las bacterias causantes de enfermedades como la fiebre puerperal.

Puerperal fever is a disease that becomes epidemic in the eighteenth century as a result of two factors: the urban working masses generated by the industrial revolution and the progressive hegemonization and medicalization of birth care in large public hospitals. Institutionalized maternal death reached figures above 30%, while in the case of birth care provided by midwives, it was than 2%. Semmelweis, an Hungarian physician, sustained that physicians contaminated women in labor due to insufficient hygiene after performing necropsies and established prophylactic measures in the Vienna Hospital that reduced mortality dramatically. However, his ideas were rejected because they affected the institutionalization process of medicine, based on altruism and honor, which would make it impossible to cause harm to patients. He was forced to leave Vienna Hospital and he continued his struggle in Budapest, but the rejection and disagreement of his peers with his doctrine affected his mental health. He died in an asylum, a few years before Pasteur and Koch proved the existence of the bacteria that caused diseases such as puerperal fever.

Prevalência de incidentes sem dano e eventos adversos em uma clínica cirúrgica / Prevalence of no harm incidents and adverse events in a surgical clinic

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de incidentes sem dano e eventos adversos em uma clínica cirúrgica. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal conduzido com amostra de 750 internações ocorridas na clínica cirúrgica de um hospital da região centro-oeste. Realizou-se análise descritiva e calculou-se a prevalência dos incidentes. RESULTADOS: Evidenciou-se que 615 internações foram expostas ao incidente sem dano e 140 ao evento adverso. Dos 5.672 registros de incidentes, 218 foram caracterizados como evento adverso por causarem dano ao paciente. Os demais não evidenciaram dano, entretanto apontaram necessidade de adequação dos processos de trabalho. CONCLUSÃO: Estimou-se prevalência de 82% de incidentes sem dano e 18,7% de eventos adversos.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of no harm incidents and adverse events in a surgical clinic. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted with a sample of 750 hospitalizations in the surgical clinic of a hospital in the mid-west region. A descriptive analysis was performed and the prevalence of incidents was calculated. RESULTS: It was demonstrated that 615 hospitalizations were exposed to no harm incidents and 140 to adverse events. Of the 5,672 reported incidents, 218 were characterized as adverse events that caused harm to the patient. No harm was proven for the others; however, they highlighted the need for an adjustment to work processes. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of no harm incidents was estimated at 82%, and 18.7% for adverse events.

Reconstrucción de 183 lesiones iatrogénicas de la vía biliar / Reconstruction of 183 iatrogenic lesions in the bile duct

Introducción: las lesiones iatrogénicas de la vía biliar constituyen una de las mayores preocupaciones para los cirujanos generales. Con el inicio de la llamada era laparoscópica se notó un aumento de la incidencia de estas lesiones, como era de esperar, al tratarse de la introducción de una nueva técnica; pero este aumento que llegó a ser el doble del que ocurría con la cirugía abierta ha permanecido así más allá de lo que pudiera esperarse de una curva de aprendizaje. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el comportamiento y resultado del tratamiento quirúrgico aplicado. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal en 183 pacientes con diagnóstico de lesión iatrogénica de la vía biliar principal, atendidos en el Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras, en el período comprendido entre mayo de 1983 y diciembre de 2008. Resultados: la incidencia de las lesiones de la vía biliar en nuestro centro fue de 0,14 por ciento. En toda la serie hubo un predominio del sexo femenino, con una edad media de 44,7 años. El tratamiento quirúrgico por vía convencional provocó más lesiones con 55,2 por ciento, y se comprobó que la mayoría fueron diagnosticadas en el posoperatorio con predominio, de forma general, de las lesiones a menos de 2 cm del confluente hepático. La modalidad quirúrgica más empleada fue la hepaticoyeyunostomía en Y de Roux. Prevalecieron, como complicaciones posoperatorias, la fístula biliar externa y la infección de la herida quirúrgica. Conclusiones: la correlación entre variables y los resultados del tratamiento mostraron que, tanto el empleo de drenaje externo, como la lesión tipo 5, constituyeron predictores de morbimortalidad posoperatoria(AU)

Introduction: iatrogenic lesions in the bile duct are one of the main concerns for general surgeons. As it was expected, with the onset of the so-called laparoscopic era, increased incidence of these lesions was noticed after the introduction of a new technique. However, this increase, which even duplicated the amount of lesions occurred in the open surgery, has remained the same further than what might be expected from a learning curve. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the behavior and the result of the applied surgical treatment. Methods: across-sectional descriptive study was performed on 183 patients diagnosed with iatrogenic lesion in the main bile duct, who had been treated at Hermanos Ameijeiras hospital from May 1983 to December 2008. Results: the incidence of bile duct lesions in our center was 0.14 percent. Females prevailed in the series, with average age of 44.7 years. The conventional surgical treatment caused more lesions, accounting for 55.2 percent; the majority of them were diagnosed in the postoperative period where lesions located less than 2cm away from the hepatic confluent. The most frequent surgical modality was Roux's Y-form hepaticojejunostomy. External biliary fistula and surgical wound infection were the main postoperative complications. Conclusions: the correlation among variables and the results of the treatment showed that both the use of external drainage and the type 5 lesions are predictors of postoperative morbidity and mortality(AU)

Hepático-yeyunostomía estenosada con absceso hepático y fístula bilo pleural / Stenosed hepatic jejunostomy with hepatic abscess and biliary pleural fistula

La iatrogenia biliar cobra una importancia particular en nuestros tiempos, pues después de la era laparoscópica su incidencia no solo se mantiene en altos índices, sino que la envergadura de las lesiones tiende a ser mayor. Se presentan pacientes con complicaciones más complejas que demandan de esfuerzos extraordinarios y de un enfoque multidisciplinario. Se presenta un paciente con una lesión iatrogénica de la vía biliar, complicado con una cirrosis biliar, un absceso hepático con fístula biliopleural y se explica su manejo, con buenos resultados. Con este trabajo se pretende comunicar un caso singularmente complejo que fue enviado a nosotros después de múltiples intentos de reparación y estenosis de una lesión iatrogénica de la vía biliar(AU)

Biliary iatrogeny gains particular importance in our times, since its incidence after laparoscopic era is not only high but the significance of the lesions tends to be greater. More patients with more complex complications demanding extraordinary efforts and multidisciplinary approach appear. Here is a patient suffering iatrogenic lesion of the bile duct, complicated with biliary cirrhosis, a hepatic abscess with biliary pleural fistula was presented, along with the management of the patient with good results. This paper was intended to show a particularly complex case that was referred to our service after a lot of repair attempts and the stenosis of iatrogenic lesion of the bile duct(AU)

Rehepático-yeyunostomía por lesión iatrogénica de la vía biliar. Quinta oportunidad / Rehepatic jejunostomy caused by iatrogenic lesion of the biliary duct. The fifth opportunity

Las lesiones iatrogénicas de las vías biliares se han convertido en una verdadera preocupación de la comunidad de cirujanos a nivel mundial dado su significativo aumento después del advenimiento de la cirugía laparoscópica, pues se reportan anualmente miles de casos. Presentamos a un paciente víctima de una lesión iatrogénica compleja, que requirió 5 intervenciones para su solución. Consecuentemente, el propósito de este trabajo es recomendar que siempre, esta cirugía de gran complejidad técnica, debe ser realizada solamente en centros de referencia y con personal de experiencia(AU)

Iatrogenic lesions of the bile ducts has become a real concern for the surgeons worldwide, given the marked rise of this health problem after the emergence of laparoscopic surgery, since thousands of cases are annually reported. Here is the case of a male patient suffering complex iatrogenic lesion, who required 5 surgeries to solve the problem. The objective of this paper was to recommend that this highly complex surgery be always performed by experienced medical staff in reference centers(AU)

Eventos adversos em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal / Adverse events in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit / Eventos adversos en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales

Estudo observacional, prospectivo, para determinar a incidência de eventos adversos (EAs) em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN). Utilizou-se um "instrumento" específico, adaptado do modelo americano utilizado pela Rede Vermont-Oxford. Dos 218 recém-nascidos, 183 (84%) apresentaram EAs, correspondendo a 2,6 EA/paciente. Distúrbios da termorregulação (29%), distúrbios da glicemia (17,1%) e Infecção Relacionada à Assistência à Saúde (IRAS) de origem hospitalar (13,5%) foram os mais frequentes. Alguns EAs apresentaram associação com peso de nascimento (p < 0,05). O percentual de IRAS e a extubação não programada foi diretamente proporcional ao tempo de internamento. A incidência de EAs em UTIN é elevada entre os recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso. A qualidade da assistência torna-se primordial na elaboração das estratégias preventivas.

This was a prospective, observational study conducted in a neonatal intensive care unit to determine the incidence of adverse events. A specific trigger tool instrument was used, based on the one from Vermont-Oxford Network. A total of 218 neonates were followed and AEs were detected in 183 (84%) of them, with a rate of 2,6 AE/patient. Thermoregulation disorders (29%), disorders of glycemic control (17,1%) and nosocomial infections (13,5%) were the most frequent. Some AE were associated with birth weight (p<0.05). The accidental extubations and nosocomial infections were associated with hospital days. The incidence of AEs is high, especially among neonates with very low birth weight. Best practices regarding preventive strategies are necessary to improve quality of health care for these infants.

Estudio observacional, prospectivo para determinar la incidencia de eventos adversos (EAs) en la Unidad Neonatal de Cuidados Intensivos (UNCI). Fue utilizado un instrumento específico adaptado del modelo americano Vermont-Oxford. De los 218 recién nacidos, el 84% presentaron EA, lo que corresponde a 2,6 EA / paciente. Trastornos de la termorregulación (29%), trastornos de la glicemia (17,1%) e infección relacionada con el cuidado de la salud (IRCS) nosocomiales (13,5%) fueron los más frecuentes. Algunos presentaron asociación con el peso al nacer (p<0,05). El porcentaje de IRCS y la extubación no programada fue directamente proporcional a la duración de la estancia hospitalaria. La incidencia de EAs en la UNCI es alta entre los recién nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacer. La calidad de la asistencia es fundamental en el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención.

Perforaciones de las paredes radiculares en la preparación de las cavidades para alojar pernos metálicos en pacientes que acudieron a la Cátedra Integrada de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción entre los años 2006 al 2009 / Perforations of the root walls in the preparation of the cavities to accommodate metal bolts in patients who attended the integrated Chair of the Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Asunción between 2006 to 2009

La perforación radicular se define como una lesión que comunica la cavidad pulpar con el ligamento periodontal o tejido óseo circundante que puede tener origen iatrogénico o patológico. En general las perforaciones iatrogénicas son provocadas durante la praxis del cirujano dentista; mientras que las patológicas proceden de caries y reabsorciones dentales. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de perforaciones de las paredes radiculares en preparaciones cavitarías para alojar pernos metálicos en pacientes que acudieron a la Cátedra de Clínica Integrada de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción entre los años 2006 al 2009, por medio de un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, temporalmente retrospectivo. Los datos fueron extraídos de las fichas y radiografías panorámicas de los pacientes tratados de dicha cátedra. No teniendo conocimiento, hasta la fecha, de investigaciones sobre el tema de nuestro medio, se planteó este estudio en el que se encontró que 9 (8,3%) de 108 dientes con postes radiculares presentaban perforaciones, estando localizadas el 88,9% de las mismas en el tercio medio. En cuanto al tipo de poste según su fabricación, el 55,6% de los postes de las piezas dentarias peroradas eran coladas y 7 de ellos (78%) tenían más de un tercio de diámetro radicular en cervical. Se destaca la importancia del estudio radiográfico antes, durante y después de las preparaciones para alojar pernos metálicos a fin de evitar esta complicación, el fracaso de las restauraciones final y el mantenimiento de la pieza dentaria en la cavidad bucal.

Aspectos toxicológico, clínico-patológico e ultraestrutural das intoxicações iatrogênica e experimental por vitamina D em coelhos / Toxicological, clinic-pathological and ultrastructural aspects of iatrogenic and experimental poisoning by vitamin D in rabbits

São descritos aspectos toxicológicos, clínico-patológicos e ultraestruturais de coelhos intoxicados iatrogênica e experimentalmente por vitamina D por via subcutânea. Clinicamente, os animais evidenciaram sinais de insuficiência cardiovascular como ascite e edema pulmonar, hiporexia, anorexia, diarréia mucosa, emagrecimento e apatia. As clássicas alterações de mineralização e, por vezes, osseificação, do sistema cardiovascular, bem como as alterações de rins, pulmões, estômago, entre outros órgãos, foram reproduzidas com administrações subcutâneas de solução oleosa de colecalciferol (vitamina D3 não-ativada).

Toxicological, clinic-pathological and ultrastructural aspects of iatrogenic and experimental subcutaneous poisoning in rabbits by vitamin D are described. Clinically the animals showed signs of cardiovascular insufficiency, as ascite and lung edema, hyporexia, anorexia, mucous diarrhoea, loss of weight and apathy. The classical alterations of minera-lization and, occasionally, ossification of the cardiovascular system, as well the lesions of kidneys, lungs, stomach, among other organs, were reproduced by the subcutaneous administration of an oily solution of cholecalciferol (non-activated vitamin D3).

Colonoscopic Perforation; A 10-year Experience in Single General Hospital / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Colonoscopy is the principal method for diagnosis, treatment, and follow up of colorectal disease. The study aimed to assess the incidence, clinical features, and management of colonoscopic perforations at a local general hospital. METHODS: A retrospective review of patient record was performed for all patients with iatrogenic colonic perforation after sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy between 1997 and 2007. RESULTS: In the 10-year period, 16,388 colonoscopic and sigmoidscopic procedure were performed. All 10 cases of procedure related colonic perforation were developed. Perforation occurred in 9 cases during therapeutic procedure; 5 cases due to polypectomy and 4 cases due to endoscopic submucosal dissection. Perforation occurred in one case during diagnostic procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic procedure is a clear risk factor of colonic perforation. When colonic perforation occurs, we should be able to make early diagnosis. Early diagnosis can lead to a good treatment and can produce good prognosis with short hospital days.

El aumento de la frecuencia del neumotórax iatrogénico en un hospital universitario / The increase of the frequency of the iatrogenic chokes in a university hospital

Antecedentes: En los últimos años se ha observado un aumento en la incidencia de neumotórax iatrogénicos en el Hospital de Clínicas. Objetivo: Analizar las causas relacionadas con este medio. Material y método: Se analizaron en forma retrospectiva las historias clínicas de 73 enfermos con neumotórax iatrogénico tratados entre julio de 2002 y abril de 2004 en la División de Cirugía Torácica. Resultados: Sobre un total de 105 neumotórax, 73 (70%) fueron secundarios a procedimientos diagnóstico o terapéuticos. El promedio de edad fue de 72 años (16 a 98). Sus causas fueron: acceso venenoso central 35, barotrauma 16, toracocentesis 16, colocación de sonda nasogástrica tipo K 108 2, colocación de marcapasos 1, postoperatorio de Nissen laparoscópico 1, lesión de vía aérea por intubación 1 y traqueostomía 1. Se encontraban internados en UTI 55 enfermos y, de ellos, 50 bajo ARM. El tratamiento utilizado fue avenamiento pleural; 55 casos se lo llevó a cabo en la Unidad de cuidados intensivos. Hubo 8 (11%) complicaciones vinculadas con el procedimiento: 4 pérdidas aéreas prolongadas que cedieron espontáneamente, 3 fallas de reexpansión (1 requirío nuevo drenaje pleural) y 1 desplazamiento del drenaje (re-colocación). Murieron 41 enfermos por la evolución de su enfermedad de base. Conclusiones: La alta incidencia actual del neumotórax iatrogénico en el Hospital Universitario, superior a la comunicada en otros ambientes, debe ser un signo de alarma que obligue a revisar las prácticas y conductas terapéuticas que pueden desencadenar tal complicación.

latrogenic bladder injuries during obstetric and gynecological procedures

To review the frequency of iatrogenic bladder injuries [IBI] occurring during obstetric and gynecological [OBG] procedures and we report a single center experience with these emergency urological consultations and interventions and analyze their outcomes and correlate them with the present day trends. We reviewed retrospectively the relevant data of all IBI during various OBG procedures from the Medical Records of Abha Maternity Hospital, the OBG wing of Assir Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia over a period of 4.5 years [September 2000 to February 2005]. Various relevant factors of the injuries were studied with their final outcome. Out of the 8,684 OBG procedures carried out during this period there were 20 occasions of IBI directly related, with an overall incidence of 0.23%. The majority of injuries were seen during obstetric procedures [85%] and 15% during gynecological procedures. Notably 90% of them were recognized intraoperatively and managed. Concomitant ureteric injury was noticed in 20% of the cases. Endourological and surgical options were both used in the management. Overall outcomes were very satisfactory, unrelated to the site, type or other associated injuries. The bladder is the most commonly injured organ during OBG interventions. Prompt recognition and repair of injuries should be the main goal. Gynecologists should be able to do at least a minimum diagnostic cystoscopy in emergency situations. It is well established that this can lessen, missing iatrogenic urinary tract injuries in this era of increasing gamut of gynecologic surgical and laparoscopic procedures

Bile duct injuries in the laparoscopic era: the University Hospital of the West Indies experience / Lesiones de la vía Biliar en la Era Laparoscópica: la Experiencia del HUWI

During the ten-year period July 1994 to June 2004, 20 patients were seen with iatrogenic bile duct injuries. The case notes of these patients were reviewed. Half of the patients were referred after initial surgery at other hospitals. At the University Hospital of the West Indies, bile duct injury rate was 0.8and 1for open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy respectively. Sixty per cent of patients' injuries resulted from open cholecystectomy and the majority of these were during emergency cholecystectomies for acute cholecystitis. A wide range of treatment modalities were employed for patients with minor bile duct injuries but Roux en Y hepaticojejunostomy was the treatment of choice for patients with transection of the common hepatic or bile duct. Follow-up was available in seven of nine patients who had major bile duct injury repair to a median of 36 months and all but one were asymptomatic and had normal liver function tests. There were two deaths because of septic complications.

Iatrogenia em Medicina Intensiva: [revisão] / Iatrogenic in Intensive Care Medicine: [review]

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Define-se iatrogenia ou afecções iatrogênicas como decorrentes da intervenção médica, correta ou não e justificada ou não, da qual resultam conseqüências prejudiciais ao paciente. Os cuidados em Medicina Intensiva apresentam desafios substanciais com relação à segurança do paciente. O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar uma breve revisão da literatura sobre a iatrogenia em seus conceitos e termos básicos e suas taxas de prevalência em Medicina Intensiva. CONTEÚDO: A Medicina Intensiva fornece subsídios que melhoram a morbidade e a mortalidade, mas que também se associam a riscos significativos de eventos adversos e erros graves; as iatrogenias podem ser diminuídos com monitoração adequada ou podem ser rotuladas como agravante esperado, idiopatia e se perpetuarem no anonimato CONCLUSÕES: É fundamental reconhecer a necessidade do constante aprendizado, reciclagem e consciência da susceptibilidade ao erro; neste contexto, o respeito pelo ser humano deve nortear a conduta profissional.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Iatrogenic conditions was due of the medical, correctly intervention or not, justified or not, which harmful consequences to the patient. The cares in Intensive Care Medicine present substantial challenges with relation to the security of the patient. The objective of this article is to make one brief revision of literature on the iatrogenic in its concepts and basic terms and its taxes prevalence in Intensive Care Medicine. CONTENTS: Intensive Care Medicine supplies subsidies that improve the morbidity and mortality, but that also the significant risks of adverse events and serious errors associate. The Iatrogenic can be minimized with the adequate monitorization or can be friction as waited aggravation, idiopathic and if to perpetuate in the anonymity. CONCLUSIONS: It is basic to recognize the necessity of the constant learning and recycling and conscience of the susceptibilities to the error; in this context, the respect for the human being must guide the professional behavior.